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Table 1 Research fields included in the system analysis on DHS and corresponding institutions (own illustration)

From: Factors influencing the environmental and economic feasibility of district heating systems—a perspective from integrated spatial and energy planning

Discipline

Motivation for inclusion

Institution

Spatial planning

Spatial aspects are important for determining the environmental and economic feasibility of DHS. Therefore, aspects of spatial planning are included into the system analysis of DHS.

BOKU–IRUB: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Spatial Planning, Environmental Planning and Land Rearrangement

Environmental planning

Building and operating DHS has an environmental impact that is a key issue of this research and is therefore considered.

BOKU–IRUB

Energy technology

Also, energy aspects play an important role when analysing DHS, e.g. chosen energy sources, grid design, and new developments regarding renewable sources.

AEA—Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna

Buildings technology

Thermal quality of buildings, needed temperature levels, applied heating distribution systems, and new developments are essential to understand the heat demand side.

AEA

Resource management

For constructing DHS, materials for plants, grids, storages, etc. are needed.

RMA—Resources Management Agency, Vienna