Fig. 9
From: Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modeling
Best-known Pareto points of a constraint optimization using absolute energy costs \(C_\mathrm {es}\) as primary optimization criterion and absolute GHG emissions \(m'_\mathrm {GHG,es}\) as well as absolute energy demand ED as constraints. The scenarios without an emission constraint (NC and NC’) and the lower emission limits (EL and EL’) of the solution space are marked separately. The constraint values are to be understood as percentage reductions of the initial value NC