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Table 11 Foreign-exchange reserves in Central Asian countries and Germany (2011–2021)

From: Energy security of the European Union and corruption in Central Asia as the main challenges for the European sustainable energy future

Country

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Kyrgyz Republic

0.18E + 10

0.21E + 10

0.22E + 10

0.19E + 10

0.18E + 10

0.19E + 10

0.22E + 10

0.21E + 10

0.24E + 10

0.28E + 10

0.25E + 10

Kazakhstan

2.92E + 10

2.83E + 10

2.47E + 10

2.93E + 10

2.79E + 10

2.96E + 10

3.07E + 10

3.1E + 10

2.9E + 10

3.56E + 10

3.29E + 10

Uzbekistan

2.25E + 10

2.25E + 10

2.25E + 10

2.42E + 10

2.43E + 10

2.63E + 10

2.81E + 10

2.71E + 10

2.93E + 10

3.49E + 10

3.27E + 10

Tajikistan

0.05E + 10

0.06E + 10

0.06E + 10

5.13E + 10

0.04E + 10

0.06E + 10

0.13E + 10

0.13E + 10

0.15E + 10

0.22E + 10

0.18E + 10

Turkmenistan

1.93E + 10

2.02E + 10

2.24E + 10

2.26E + 10

2.26E + 10

1.09E + 10

2.49E + 10

2.02E + 10

2.02E + 10

2.01E + 10

2.01E + 10

Germany

23.4E + 10

24.9E + 10

19.9E + 10

19.3E + 10

17.4E + 10

18.4E + 10

20E + 10

19.8E + 10

22.4E + 10

26.8E + 10

21.8E + 10

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Energy, Sustainability and Society

ISSN: 2192-0567

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