Integration of disamenity costs and equality considerations regarding onshore wind power expansion and distribution into energy system optimization models

Table 1 Overview of all implemented marginal disamenity cost functions

Marginal disamenity cost function	Objective function	Model additions			Description	Data scenarios
Marginal disamenity cost function	Objective function	Vars	Cons	Params	Description	Data scenarios
Cost-optimal	Equation 1 (LP)	–	–	–	Reference without disamenity costs	–
Lin (avg_DE)	Equation 1 + ^*Eq. 7 (QP)	0	0	1	Linear interpolation based on the average of Germany	Low, high
Lin (nodal)	Equation 1 + ^*Eq. 6 (QP)	0	0	K	Linear interpolation based on regional data	Low, high
PC_1 (avg)	Equation 1 + ^*Eq. 10 (LP)	1 K	K + 1 K	K	Average based on regional data	Low, high
PC_5	Equation 1 + ^*Eq. 10 (LP)	5 K	K + 5 K	5 K	Piecewise-constant interpolation based on regional data with 5 intervals	Low, high
PC_20	Equation 1 + ^*Eq. 10 (LP)	20 K	K + 20 K	20 K	Piecewise-constant interpolation based on regional data with 20 intervals	Low, high

^*The addition to the objective function involves the aggregation of the disamenity costs across all model regions, as in Eq. 3
Eq: equation; Vars: number of variables; Cons: number of constraints; Params: number of parameters; K: number of model regions

ISSN: 2192-0567