Table 9 Classification of spatial resistance to solar parks
Nr. | Land category | Sensitivity | Value | Legitimacy | Specificity | Norm | Spatial resistance class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | National parks, nature conservation areas, biosphere reserves (core areas) | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | §§ 23–25 BNatSchG (German Federal Nature Conservation Act, [95]) | Very high |
2 | Water protection areas (inner zone) | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | §§ 50–53 WHG (Federal Water Act, [96]); EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) [97],) | |
3 | Riparian strips | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | § 38 WHG, [96] | |
4 | FFH | Very high | Very high | High | Very high | ||
5 | Potential breeding habitats of sensitive bird species outside protected areas | High | Very high | High | Very high | Birds Directive [99] | High |
6 | Resting and feeding areas of wintering northern guest birds | High | Very high | High | Very high | Birds Directive [99] | |
7 | Landscape with high visual quality rating* | High | Very high | High | Medium | European Landscape Convention (not signed by Germany) [100], §1 (4) BNatschG [95] | |
8 | Areas of importance for the biotope network (except for crop land) | High | High | High | Very high | Habitats Directive, Birds Directive, §21 BNatSchG [95, 98, 99] | |
9 | Crop land with high soil fertility** | Medium | Very high | High | Medium | §2 BBodSchG (Federal Soil Protection Act, [101]) | |
10 | Flood hazard zones | High | High | High | High-very high | ||
11 | Low input grassland (that is not protected through Habitats Directive) | High | Very high | Medium | Low-medium | EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (strategic paper, [103]) | |
12 | Landscape protection areas (German cat.) | High | High | Medium | Very high | § 26 BNatSchG [95] | Medium |
13 | Biosphere reserves (buffer zones and transition areas) | High | High | Medium | Very high | § 25 BNatSchG [95] | |
14 | Representative cultural-historical landscapes | High | High | Medium | Medium | § 1 (4) BNatSchG [95] | |
15 | Water protection areas (middle zone) | Low | Very high | High | Very high | ||
16 | Special Protection Area under the Birds Directive | Medium | Very high | Medium | Very high | Birds Directive [99] | |
17 | Landscape with medium visual quality rating* | Medium | High | High | Medium | European Landscape Convention (not signed by Germany), §1 (4) BNatschG [95, 100] | |
18 | Crop land within biotope network | Medium | Medium | Low | Very high | EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (strategic paper), §21 BNatSchG [95, 103] | |
19 | Water protection areas (outer zone) | Low | Medium | Low | Very high | Low | |
20 | Intensively managed Grassland | Low | Medium | Low | Low | EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (strategic paper) [103] | |
21 | Crop land with low soil fertility | Low | Low | Low | Low | §2 BBodSchG [101] | |
22 | Landscape with a low visual quality rating* | Low | Low | High | Medium | European Landscape Convention (not signed by Germany), §1 (4) BNatschG [95, 100] |