Table 1 Variable description and data sources
From: The impact of the transition to a green economy on Romania’s economic growth
Index | Name of variable | Variable description | Measure unit | Data and descriptions sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | ||||
RGDP | Real gross domestic product | The sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources | Million Lei | World Bank. Open Data [107] |
Independent variables | ||||
TGGE | Total greenhouse gas emissions | Are composed of CO2 totals, excluding short-cycle biomass burning (such as agricultural waste burning and savannah burning), but including other biomass burning (such as forest fires, post-burn decay, peat fires and decay of drained peat lands), all anthropogenic CH4 sources, N2O sources and F-gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF6). Emissions of CO2 are from burning oil, coal and gas for energy use, burning wood and waste materials, and from industrial processes, such as cement production | Thousand Kt CO2 equivalent | World Bank. Open Data [108] |
TGRE | Total generation of renewable electricity | Generation data consisting of both utility and non-utility sources from electricity and combined heat and power plants. Data are reported as net generation, not gross generation. The difference between gross and net generation is generally about 6% for fossil fuels stations, 1% for hydro stations, and 5% for all others. Electricity net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units and generation from hydroelectric pumped storage | Billion kWh | U.S. Energy Information Administration. Open Data [109] |
PVE | Value of the production of environmental goods and services | It pinpoints measures and activities that target the decrease of air emissions or of the level of atmospheric pollutants as well as certain measures and activities targeting the control of greenhouse gas emissions that negatively influence the layer of stratospheric ozone. The production process of goods and services has in view the decrease of air emissions, the control of greenhouse gas emissions and of all emissions that negatively influence the environment | Million Lei | National Institute of Statistics (Romania). Tempo online—statistical data [110] |
IEP | Investments for environmental protection | Includes the expenditures incurred for construction, installation and assembly works, for the purchase of equipment, means of transport, other expenditures meant to create new fixed assets for the development, modernisation and reconstruction of the already existing ones, with a view to environmental protection. They also include the value of the services related to the transfer of ownership of existing fixed assets and land (taxes, materials, commissions, loading–unloading transport expenditures) | Million Lei | National Institute of Statistics (Romania). Statistical Yearbooks of Romania [111] |
TET | Total environmental taxes | Data presents environmental tax revenue (by tax category—energy, transport, pollution and resource taxes) broken down by economic activity (tax payer), using the NACE classification for production activities extended to cover taxes payable by households and non-residents | Million Lei | National Institute of Statistics (Romania). Tempo online—statistical data [110] |